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The Alhambra, ( from the Arabic "Al Hamra" meaning "The Red (Citadel)" is one of the most splendid legacies of the Arab conquest of Spain.It has been built on an existing fort on the Sabika Hill in Granada, when the founder of the Nasrid Dynasty of Sultans decided to move his seat of Governement there.in the 13th century It had been built and added to, for the last two hundred and sixty years of the Muslim presence in Spain and later added to, by Emperor Charles the V.
The Alhambra Palaces, Forts, Seraglios, Villas and Gardens have been admired by the whole world ever since. The Architecture although purely Islamic in concept has its own dinstict character, different for the exquisite samples of Isfahan, Damascus and Cairo.
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What is a Madhab?
The Encyclopaedia of Islam translates it as a "way of thinking, persuasion". It is "a method", a method of interpretation of religious material in the three major areas: belief, religious practice and law.
Most Muslims would know about the four sunni madhabs: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali.
Their geographical distribution is as follows: Hanafi Both Moghul and Ottoman empires were Hanafi, that means their former subjects would normally be Hanafi: Turkey, Central Asia, the Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh.
Maliki school is followed in Algeria, Tunis, Morocco, Mauritania, Libya, Kuwait, Bahrain, Dubai and Abu Dhabi.
Avicenna's Metaphysics in Context, by Robert Wisnovsky
An analysis of the sources and evolution of the metaphysics of Abu Ali ibn Sina (d. 1037 AD) - known in the West by his Latinized name Avicenna - this book focuses on the answers Avicenna and his predecessors gave to two fundamental questions: what is the soul and how does it cause the body? and what is God and how does He cause the world? To respond to these challenges Avicenna invented new concepts and distinctions and reinterpreted old ones. The author concludes that Avicenna's innovations are a turning point in the history of metaphysics. Avicenna's metaphysics is the culmination of one period of synthesis, during which philosophers fused together the Neoplatonic project of reconciling Plato with Aristotle, with the Peripatetic project of reconciling Aristotle with himself. Yet Avicenna also stands at the beginning of another period of synthesis, during which philosophers sought to integrate the Arabic version of the earlier synthesis with Islamic doctrinal theology (kalam). Avicenna's metaphysics significantly influenced European scholastic thought, but it had an even more profound impact on Islamic intellectual history, where the philosophical problems and opportunities associated with the Avicennian synthesis were to be debated up to the end of the 19th century. 320p (Duckworth/Cornell UP 2003)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7156-3221-5
ISBN-10: 0-7156-3221-3
© 2000/01 P. Proeschold. All rights reserved.13 Juli 2006
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