It was during the long reign of Malcolm III that the Norman conquest of England occured, and this was to have long term implications for Scotland. Feudal society gradually migrated northwards and after Malcolm married his second wife, Margaret, this process quickened. To his contemporaries Malcolm was known as Ceann Mor, or Canmore, which means Big Head, and may have referred to either his physical stature or that he was considered a Great Leader. As with other Scottish kings at this time Malcolm made several raids into England, the first of which was in 1061 while Earl Tostig of Northumbria was in Rome on a pilgrimage. He also supported the losing side at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 and again in 1070 he raided England. By now though the Normans under King William were in control and they were not going to take these attacks lying down. William came to Scotland two years later and although Malcolm refused to fight he was forced to accept the terms of the Treaty of Abernethy. In this agreement Malcolm was forced to become William's man and he also handed over his oldest son, Duncan, as a hostage. This did not stop Malcolm, however, he raided northern England again in 1079 and this initiated the construction of new castles on the Tyne, by William's son Robert, and at Carlisle by William Rufus. These castles effectively set the Scottish - English border. In 1087 Rufus became king of England and by 1091 Malcolm was again raiding the north of England while Rufus was in Normandy. Rufus took his revenge by forcing Malcolm to do homage to him. Text source: Journey Through Scotland's Past Art: St. Margaret of Scotland and King Malcolm III, an illustration from the 16th century Seton Armorial