Norman Invasion of Scotland Timeline 1070: now a widower, Malcolm III marries his second wife, Margaret, a Saxon princess in Dunfermline, who later becomes St. Margaret. When her uncle, Edward the Confessor, king of England, died, she fled the Normans after 1066. 1072: Malcolm III's incursions into Northumbria provoke the Normans to invade Scotland, which ended with the Treaty of Abernethy. Some believe that this submission invites later claims of the English throne on the throne of Scotland. 1079: The Norman-English invade Scotland after Malcolm III raids Northumbria and the Treaty of Abernethy is reimposed. November 13, 1093: Malcolm Canmore and his eldest son by Margaret are killed in a raid on Northumbria. November 16, 1093: Margaret dies of grief and is buried in the church she has founded in Dunfermline. She later becomes St. Margaret and Dunfermline becomes a place of pilgrimage. 1093: Malcolm's younger brother, Donald succeeds to the Scottish throne and becomes Donald III. He rules jointly with Malcolm's son, Edmund. The English of Malcolm and Margaret's Anglicised court are evicted. 1094: The English hostage Duncan, eldest son of Malcolm III and Ingibjorg, defeats Donald III and Edmund with Norman-English help and becomes Duncan II. November 12, 1094: Donald III and Edmund return to the throne after Duncan II is killed near Kincardine at Battle of Monthechin. 1097: Edgar, son of Malcolm III and Margaret, invades at the head of another Norman-English army and becomes King Edgar. He has Donald III blinded and sends Edmund to a monastery. January 8, 1107: Alexander succeeds to the throne as Alexander I on his older brother Edgar's death. April 23, 1124: Upon his death, Alexander is succeeded by his younger brother, David, the third son of Malcolm III and Margaret's to become King of Scots. August 22, 1138: Under David I, the Scots army is defeated at the Battle of the Standard at Northallerton in Yorkshire. The Scottish king hopes to take advantage of English unrest to extend his kingdom. David I is defeated, but the 1139 Treaty of Durham in 1139 effectively allows him control over Northumbria and Cumbria. May 24, 1153: David I dies and is succeeded by his twelve year old grandson, Malcolm IV. 1156: Somerled defeats the Norse and becomes Lord of the Isles, leader of a Gaelic federation centred on Loch Finlaggan on Islay, southernmost island of the Inner Hebrides. 1157: Henry II of England rips up a promise given to David I in 1149 to allow the Scots all the land North of the River Tees. He summons the 16 year old Malcolm IV, to Chester and persuades him to sign a treaty giving up Cumbria and Northumbria to the English. 9 December 1165: Malcolm dies, aged 24 and unmarried, and is succeeded by his younger brother William I or William the Lion after his symbol, a red lion rampant on a yellow field that becomes the basis of one of Scotland's two flags. 13 July 1174: William I is captured by the English at Alnwick while trying to retake Northumbria. December 1174: In the Treaty of Falaise, where William I is being held captive, he agrees that the King of Scots will henceforth be subordinate to the King of England, and that key Scottish castles would be occupied by the English. 1186: Henry II of England forces William I to marry Ermengard, from a Norman family: and gives her Edinburgh Castle as a wedding present. 1189: The Treaty of Falaise is nullified in return for a payment to Henry's son Richard I. Text source: Undiscovered Scotland Art: King Malcolm III receiving Margaret at Queensferry in 1068 AD. (note: no source given for this illustration)