1) Finding general time:
a) Is it dark out? Y __ N __
b) Are you hungry? Y __ N __
c) Does it seem like it has been light a looong while? Y __ N __


Results:
Yes for a) - It is night. No for a) - it is daytime.
Yes for b) - It is early morning, or late daytime. No for b) - It is mid-day or moments before dark. PROVISO: b) could yield a false positive if you check this during a famine, or an enforced march.
Yes for c) - It's probably late in the day, or you are stuck at a boring task.


2) Finding North (because that's where the stash of food lies hidden).

a) That's no problem, you'll do the following (apologies to ChanChan for the original of this, modifications are mine):

Wait for a sunny day and go outside halfway through the morning (nine- or ten-ish), taking with you:

a stick
two pieces of birch bark strips, both the same length as the stick
a plumb-line (tie a small rock to a length of sinew.
another length of sinew

Place the stick into the ground. It has to be 90 degrees, so use the plumb-line to check this. When it starts to rain, go back into your longhouse and wait another eight days for it to stop raining.

Keep watching your stick until you see it cast a shadow. When it does, you know it will be frightened, and will retreat to its burrow, and will not come out for another 6 weeks, and Spring will also accordingly be delayed. This is altogether not too bad, because perhaps Springfest will also be delayed.

Cover that shadow (if you convince the stick not to run off) sometime right after first meal (later morning) with one of the birch bark strips, in a way you'll know I) how long the shadow is and II) what direction the thing is pointing. Don't be alarmed if your shadow then covers your strip of birch bark. Let it have the last word.

Look at it periodically and let your second strip of birch bark notice the change in direction and in size. When the size of the shadow starts to increase, be very very afraid. You've overshot North. But if you are dilligent and check often, you should catch North in Action. You can be real dilligent and wait until the shadow length is as long as it is in the Morning, a la ChanChan's method, and divide the difference to find North, or you could just find the shortest shadow with frequent visitations.

b) Pull out your compass (you DO have a lodestone on you, don't you?) and confirm True North. Er, no, that confirms Magnetic North.

c) Close enough for Onatah. Heading off to find that stash of pemmican I put there last season.


3) Weather

Put out a weather rock (any darkish smooth sort of rock, not too heavy). Attach it to length of deer sinew.

a) If it is wet, the weather is rainy.
b) If it is blowing around, the weather is windy.
c) If it is covered with a white crystalline powder, it is snowing.