nlupus.gif
* Norvegicus Lupus
Farmann is a Norse word that means: "traveller".
October 30 , 2007
The Patriarch, The Pope and The King Posted at 09:00 EST
HABR.GIF
Patriarch Aleksij II, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, met king Harald V of Norway in 1998.

Norwegians and Eastern Chrstianity has known each other since the days of Princess Olga (Helga) of Kiev. She was the first ruler of Kievan Rus to convert to Christianity, either in 945 or 957.

Her grandson, Vladimir the Great, made Kievan Rus' a Christian state.As a result of the Christianization of Kievan Rus' in 988, Prince Vladimir I of Kiev officially adopted Byzantine Rite Christianity, that was the religion of the Eastern Roman Empire, as the state religion of Kievan Rus'. This date is often considered the official birthday of the Russian Orthodox Church. Thus, in 1988, the Church celebrated its millennial anniversary.

Christianity was divided into the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches in 1054. In the last decade closer connections have been established. However, the division is still great because Moscow accuses Rome trying to convert Russions to the Catholic Church since the Soviet Union was destroyed in 1991.

In 2006 Pope benedih visited Patriarch Bartolomeus, the spiritual lader of 220 million Orthodox Christians, in Istanbul. However, the Pope has not yet met the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, that is the world's greatest Orthodox church.

December 6 , 2005
Venus, Northland Posted at 15:00 EST
Prologue

I saw the sky was lit behind the wood, but when I crossed the snowy fields and the moon stood opposite, I became aware of the situation. The golden moon communicated with the sun opposite. The sea was silent, because it was afraid to interrupt the privacy of the moon and the sun. I was afraid I had abrupted the intimacy. The moon was in love, and looked up at the sun, and the moon kissed the sun deliciously. The world was alight. I went silently home in the splendour of the night.

November 30 , 2005
A Cornerstone in European Literature Posted at 16:00 EST
The French professor François-Xavier Dillmann is in the process of completing his translations into French of the narrative parts of Snorri Sturlusson's Edda and Heimskringla. The first part of Heimskringla, including the Saga of Olav Tryggvason, is completed. and part two and part three are in preparation. The books are published in the publishing-house Gallimard's series "The Dawn of the Peoples" (L'aude des peuples) in 1991 (4th edition 1998) and 2000.

The importance of Snorri as a poet, a historian and an author of poetic works are documented in Dillmann's translations and commantaries. Dillmann presents Snorri in an instructive preface and commentaries of words, modes of expression and ideas.

Dillmann's two books are master-pieces in French translation. Dillmann knows the Norse language and way of living, and he incorporates his knowledge of Norse culture in his writings.

June 7 , 2005
June 7 Posted at 18:00 EST
Today, we have celebrated Norway's 100 years of independence, because Norway and Sweden ended peacefully their union on June 7, 1905. Because of he dissolution of the union Norway got it's own king and foreign policy. The independence has been of great importance for Norway.

The most important knowledge of the historical process before 1905 is that serious national conflicts can be solved peacefully. Norway and Sweden avoided armed conflicts in the dramatic spring of 1905.

October 21 , 2004
Structure Posted at 17:00 EST
Norwegian State Organization

The central organization:

I. Royalty and nobility:

1. King (konungr)

2. Nobility (cfr. III, 2), members of the national conference, of the national council, of the central administration and of the kings-men (hirð), department of kings-men 1. - 2. (the regular table-seated kings-men (active at the central administration/the royal court)):

1. Duke (hertogi)
2. Jarl (Jarl)

II. Members of the national conference, of the national council, of the central administration and of the kings-men , department of kings-men 1. - 7. (the regular table-seated kings-men (active at the royal administration/the royal court)). Members of the kings-men, department of pages 8. (recruits):

1. Stablemaster (stallari)
2. Standard-bearer (merkismaðr)
3. Taxmaster (féhirði)
4. The King's Householder (dróttseti)
5. Chancellor (kanceler)
6. Scribe (skrifari)
7. Royal servants (þénari)
8. (Royal) pages (kertisveinar): members of the kings-men, department of pages (kertisveinar)

III.Local organization:

Members of the kings-men 1-6(the non-regular table-seated kings-men (active in the distiricts))

1. Regional taxmaster (féhirði)).
2. District governor (sýslumaðr)
3. City ombudsman (gjaldker)
4. Presiding judge (lagmaðr)
5. Guest chieftain (gestahofdingi, chieftain of the guests (gjestir): leader and member of the kings-men, department of guests (gjestir)
6. Guests (gjestir)
7. Sheriff (lénsmaðr)
8. King's farm manager (ármaðr)

IV. Things

1. Regional high court (lagþing) (cf. III.2.and 4.)
2. Local court (þing) (cf. III.2.and 4.)
3. City council (cfr. III.3.)

V. Some professions:

1. Freeholder (hauldr)
2. Housecarl (húskarl): freeborn servant of a chieftain
3. Freedman (leysingr)
4. Slave (þræll)

The main Norse female professions:

Hústrú = Norse, (the same as or the same translation as húsfrú) female spouse, wedded or legal wife.

Húsfrú = Norse, (The same as or the same translation as hústrú) mistress of the house, married housewife.

Friðla, frilla (in connection with. friðr = originally friendly relationship; frændi, originally pr ptcp of frjá 'to love') = concubine, mistress.

Priestess: Norse gyðja > goð: god: female gode/godi, priestess.

Shield maiden: Norse skjaldmær > skjaldr: shield; and > mær: unmarried woman, girl: unmarried woman who carries weapon and takes part in battle.

Sorceress: Norse seiðkona > seiðr: a kind of sorcery; and > kona: woman: sorceress, witch.

Wise woman: Norse klók kona: klókr: wise; and > kona: woman: wise woman, expert of folk medicine.

Witch: Norse volva > volvr: 'round wand, magic wand', orig. one who carries a (magic) wand: spaewife, witch.

July 30 , 2004
The Long Journey Posted at 16:00 EST
Early in May the ice had melted in the rivers and the lakes of the great country.

Several ships had already been gathered in Aldeigjuborg in Gardarike. The crews were rough and skilled in the use of arms. Each ship was lead by a viking chieftain, and the chieftains had sworn loyalty to each other, and the men of each ship has sworn loyalty to their chieftain.

The ship were loaded annd ready to sail off. The ships were not bigger than they could be easily dragged over land if necessary. The ships build for both crew and cargo.

The merchandise was packed in barrels, buckets and chests to be sold in the distant country of the Bulgars: skins of enimes, foxes and beavers; weapons made in the forges of Birka, Norse ornaments, fine woolen goods from Central Europe and the Nordic nations.

The food was also onboard. The smell of stockfish was mixed with the smell of tanned skins.

The chieftains who were mercants, had been waiting for nice and windy weather to sail off. Some of the merchants had travelled the long journey earlier, and their ships sailed first up the river.

The vikings had planned in Aldeigjuborg (Staraya Ladoga) to travel northward in the country to get sable.

They sailed fast on the lake Ladoskoje Osero, but the comfortable sailing came soon to an end. Yards and sails were lowered, and they started rowing. They rowed steadily the ships up the river Svir, and after a while they got problems because of the falls and the rapids. They had to drag the ships long distances on the bank. Some places they had to carry the ships over land.

In the night they camped on the bank. They built a fire on the beach and prepared food. They ate mostly fish.

Some places they went ashore to buy skin. The vikings knew the local Finnic people and found them easily. They spoke Finnish to each other, and some of the Finns can speak Norse.

The days and nights passed by.

They reached the lake Oneskoje Osero, and from here they travelled northwards. First they sailed on the lake, then they sailed on the rivers. The store of skins grew larger.

Mostly the mercants traded, but if the local people did not cooperate, they made attacks.

One place they had special luck. The local people ran away and left behind many fine skins, probably the whole taking of the last winter.

The vikings sailed back to the south bank of Oneskoje Osero.

The vikings rowed up Vytegra, and soon the river got narrower and swifter. Constantly they had to leave the ships to carry them over land. The men collected rollers, and they hauled the ships ashore.

They began travelling the slow journey.

The woods were dense. The men were watchful. When they were having meals, they were quick. They were vulnerable to attacks.

They came to a marsh that is digged and cleared so the ships could float, and it was possible to pole the ships along. But soon they had carry the ships again. Finally, they reached a river that ran soutward. They launched quickly the ships. They rowed easily down the river. Only some currents gave toubles.

So the river ran slower. After a while they reached Lake Bolero, and the men who had visited Lake Bolero were told that Lake Bolero meant "the white lake", because the lake was white after storms.

They continued to sail to Bolesero where they met friends. They stayed and traded in Bolesero several days. The men were paid pro rata of the profit. They were happy because they had had good luck so far.

This was the reason why the chieftains let the men got drunk.

The vikings rowrd the ships down Sjeksna. Sjeksna was a a silent and wide river.After a while they reach Volga. There was a town where they traded furs and met friends before they continued the journey.

Volga ran through a wooded valley and became greater and greater because of the water of the side rivers. But the vikings sailed up some of the side rivers to trade. They traded furs, wax and honey. They bought also the famous furs of the blackfoxes which existed in the district. These furs were much more worth than the the sables. The chieftains kept the blackfox furs for themselves.

But the trading was not always peaceful.

One day one of the vikings thought that he has been fooled by a trader. The trader did not like the accusation of having fooled the viking. He became angry and hits the viking. The viking killed the trader using his sword. The murder started a battle. The local population ran away, and the vikings took the merchandise.

Three of the vikings had been wounded in the battle. One of the vikings was killed. But the three vikings were not seriously wounded. They buried the dead viking on the river bank. It was normal to loose men on the long journey.

Some days later the vikings were not lucky. They lose a battle, and they had to run away.

The days passed and passed.

It was time for the great market in Bulgar when the vikings were sailing soutward down Volga. So far, the vikings had sailed Volga eastward for many a day. Volga was a wide river. Volga was wider than all the other rivers that the vikings know of.

One morning they arrived Bulgar. In west the landscape was full of hills, and in east there were no heights.

The marketplace was situated on the east bank of Volga, and the vikings have their own anchorage. They casted anchor, and the merchants were rowed ashore.

The market had already begun, and crowds of people in strange clothes walked around. There were noises everywhere: people laughed, greeted friends, quarrel, shouted and traded, horses knighed, camels proceeded proudly through a appearant confusion of tents and trade stores.

The Nordic merchants warned they who were in Bulgar for the first time. They had to take good care because they could be fooled or robbed. The vikings walked always together. They knew it is profitable to trade the first days of the market.

The market iwas full of merchandise: cattle, sheep, articles of wood; honey, wax, nuts, tropical fruits, grain, amber, clothes, weapons, coats of mail. There were furs of three kind of foxes: redfox, whitefox and blackfox.

The vikings returned to their quarter. They met friends from home, they drank and told their stories about their journeys.They played board games.

The next day the merchant started trading. The customers knew the vikings usually had merchandise of good quality. They bargained and gesticulated. Sometimes they needed an interpreter in the trading.

When the vikings had sold all their merchandise, and they had bought merchandise to transport westwards, they planned to journey back to Aldeigjuborg before the winter.

Some of the merchants had planned to go southward, because they wanted to trade in Atil, the capital of the Khazars. The most adventurous men decided to go with them. The merchants changed the crews, the men were paid by their previous chieftain and bidded farewell to their old comrades.

On the return to Aldeigjuborg the merchants decided to spend the winter in Holmgard. The local chieftain did not like vikings, but he had no choice. The chieftain and the merchants made an agreement: The chieftain had to provide food for the vikings, and the vikings will protected Holmgard against other vikings. The vikings should live in two great halls.

During the winter the vikings did not feel safe because of their riches: silver, expensive clothes and other goods. They keep watching their goods day all the time.

It was a long winter, and some local men entertain the vikings with fabulous stories. In the spring the vikings wished they had been hosted by a local queen and her girl-friends than the local chieftain.

Early in the spring the vikings left Holmgard and returned to Aldeigjuborg.

May 16 , 2004
Olav the Holy in San Carlo al Corso Posted at 04:00 EST
In San Carlo al Corso in Rome is a painting of Olav the Holy (995-1030). Here is a larger image of the painting of Olav the Holy (the third image from the top).

In front of an apocalyptic, blue sky and dressed in an excellent, red Viking garb, he proceeds martial surrounded by a white gleam of light and a killed dragon. The dead dragon symbolizes the conquest of the past.

It is painted by the Pole Pius Wesonski and consecrate as a gift from pope Leo XIII in 1893.

January 9 , 2004
Gullvarta Posted at 16:00 EST
Gullvarta.JPG
According to the Saga of the Sons of Magnus in Heimskringla (The Sagas of the Norwegian Kings), the Norwegian king Sigurd Jorsalfar and his army visited Miklagard (Constantinopel) in 1111. They passed through the gate of Gullvarta into the great city, and they were welcomed by the Byzantine emperor Alexeios I Komnenos, whose Norse name is Kirjalaks. The Norse word kir means "sir", and it reminds me of the Greek word kuriov (kyrios), which means "lord".

The Norse word gull means "gold" or "golden". The original meaning of the Norse word gull is "yellow metal".

The Latin version of the adjective golden is aureus.

The Greek version of the adjective golden is krusostomov (chrysostomos). Johannes Chrysostomos (original: "gold mouth")(ca. 345 - 407) was a chuch father and patriarch of Constantinopel, and he was famous preacher.

So, the meaning of Gullvarta is not of Latin and Greek origin.

However, I donot think the name of Gullvarta is of Norse origin. Probably, this name is of Swedish origin, because the majority of the Vikings who sailed down the Russian rivers to Byzants were Swedes.

The Swedish word gull means "gold" or "golden". It is difficult to decide exactly what the word -varta means in Norse and Swedish. It reminds me of the modern German word Warte f. which means watchtower.

If the word varta still exist in Russian or other Slavic languages, it is probably of Swedish origin.

January 7 , 2004
Sunday, 4th jan 2003 Posted at 16:00 EST
hometown.JPG

Sunday the weather was marvellous - brilliant sunshine on the snow, slightly golden sun, distance lit up. But it was immensely cold - everything was frozen.

We went skiing, We went to the top of the hills. From the height it was really beautiful. The moutains were naked, white like silver, and moving in the distance, strange and muscular. Only the wind surprised us, invisible cold; the sun lied on the mountain tops, like the movement of a sleeper.

It is strange of insignificant in all this life seems. Two men, tiny as dots, were skiing. Every movement they seemed to melt like insignificant spots of dust; the living, muscular white of the hills and mountains absorbed everything. The trees on the hill-top were writching like iron in the blue sky.

October 15 , 2003
A Comparison of Two Lists of The Seven World Wonders. Posted at 17:03 EST
The oldest list of the seven world wonders:

1. Walls of Babylon
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3. Temple of Artemis in Ephesos
4. Feidas's Statue of Zevs in Olympia
5. Giza Pyramids
6. Monument of King Mausolos in Halikarnossos
7. Bronze Statue of Helios in Rhodos

This is the oldest list of the classical-oriental world's seven most famous wonders. They represent the most outstanding artifistic, architectonic or technical solutions.

Later in the antique the list was changed and increased. Among other things Noah's Ark, Colosseum in Rome and Hagia Sofia in Constantinople were added to the list.

The list of world wonders according to National Geographic Traveller:

1. Acropolis
2. Angkor
3. Cyberspace
4. The Giza Pyramids
5. Great Wall
6. Macchu Picchu
7. Mesa Verde
8. Petra
9. Taj Mahal
10. Vatican City

The Giza Pyramids in Egypt is the only world wonder of the oldset list of world wonders to be found in the list of world wonders according to National Geographic Traveller.







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